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In elementary algebra, completing the square is a technique for converting a quadratic polynomial of the form + + to the form + for some values of and . [1] In terms of a new quantity x − h {\displaystyle x-h} , this expression is a quadratic polynomial with no linear term.
To complete the square, form a squared binomial on the left-hand side of a quadratic equation, from which the solution can be found by taking the square root of both sides. The standard way to derive the quadratic formula is to apply the method of completing the square to the generic quadratic equation a x 2 + b x + c = 0 {\displaystyle ...
This "completes the square", converting the left side into a perfect square. Write the left side as a square and simplify the right side if necessary. Produce two linear equations by equating the square root of the left side with the positive and negative square roots of the right side. Solve each of the two linear equations.
A typical use of this is the completing the square method for getting the quadratic formula. Another example is the factorization of x 4 + 1. {\displaystyle x^{4}+1.} If one introduces the non-real square root of –1 , commonly denoted i , then one has a difference of squares x 4 + 1 = ( x 2 + i ) ( x 2 − i ) . {\displaystyle x^{4}+1=(x^{2 ...
Square wave; Triangle wave; Rectangular function; Floor function: Largest integer less than or equal to a given number. Ceiling function: Smallest integer larger than or equal to a given number. Sign function: Returns only the sign of a number, as +1, −1 or 0. Absolute value: distance to the origin (zero point)
For example, {1, 2, 5, 5} has 15 as the exception. Recently, the 15 and 290 theorems have completely characterized universal integral quadratic forms: if all coefficients are integers, then it represents all positive integers if and only if it represents all integers up through 290; if it has an integral matrix, it represents all positive ...
A Latin square is said to be reduced (also, normalized or in standard form) if both its first row and its first column are in their natural order. [4] For example, the Latin square above is not reduced because its first column is A, C, B rather than A, B, C. Any Latin square can be reduced by permuting (that is, reordering) the rows and columns ...
It can be shown that square integrable functions form a complete metric space under the metric induced by the inner product defined above. A complete metric space is also called a Cauchy space, because sequences in such metric spaces converge if and only if they are Cauchy. A space that is complete under the metric induced by a norm is a Banach ...