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As of 2013, an estimated 75% of 700 million dogs worldwide were free to roam and reproduce, resulting in overpopulation, high mortality rates and poor health. [1] The main management approach is surgical sterilization, i.e. the removal of testes or ovaries, often performed through trap-neuter-return strategies. [2]
This type of testing is referred to as non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) or as non-invasive prenatal screening. Invasive procedures remain important, though, especially for their diagnostic value in confirming positive non-invasive findings and detecting genetic disorders. [3] Birth defects have an occurrence between 1 and 6%. [4]
The NIPT test does not put the mother or the fetus in any type of danger compared to the other invasive tests that are available, making it the safest option for prenatal testing. Studies have found that the in the instance of detecting Trisomy 21 has a reliability value of 99.2%, which makes NIPT more reliable than other tests than are ...
The potential controversial use of PGD could arise with genetic tests targeting non-medical traits such as hearing, sexual orientation, height, beauty, or intelligence. Some tests, like those for GJB2 mutations linked to hereditary deafness, might lead to requests for PGD to avoid or favor these traits.
An example of an algorithm for determining the indication for prenatal genetic testing for trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), wherein the genetic blood test (in center) is performed by detecting cffDNA in a blood sample from the mother. [60] Trisomy 21. Fetal trisomy of chromosome 21 is the cause of Down's syndrome.
Genetic testing is often done as part of a genetic consultation and as of mid-2008 there were more than 1,200 clinically applicable genetic tests available. [23] Once a person decides to proceed with genetic testing, a medical geneticist, genetic counselor, primary care doctor, or specialist can order the test after obtaining informed consent .