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Ontology is the philosophical study of being.It is traditionally understood as the subdiscipline of metaphysics focused on the most general features of reality.As one of the most fundamental concepts, being encompasses all of reality and every entity within it.
Oppy admits, however, that not all of the "traditional characteristics" of an ontological argument (i.e. analyticity, necessity, and a priority) are found in all ontological arguments [1] and, in his 2007 work Ontological Arguments and Belief in God, suggested that a better definition of an ontological argument would employ only considerations ...
Willard Van Orman Quine provided an early and influential formulation of ontological commitment: [4]. If one affirms a statement using a name or other singular term, or an initial phrase of 'existential quantification', like 'There are some so-and-sos', then one must either (1) admit that one is committed to the existence of things answering to the singular term or satisfying the descriptions ...
The ontological commitments of the theory then correspond to the variables bound by existential quantifiers. [44] For example, the sentence "There are electrons" could be translated as " ∃ x Electron ( x ) ", in which the bound variable x ranges over electrons, resulting in an ontological commitment to electrons. [ 42 ]
Foundationalism holds that there are 'basic beliefs' which serve as foundations to anchor the rest of our beliefs. [17] Strong versions of the theory assert that an indirectly justified belief is completely justified by basic beliefs; more moderate theories hold that indirectly justified beliefs require basic beliefs to be justified, but can be ...
Metaphysical naturalism is the philosophical basis of science as described by Kate and Vitaly (2000). "There are certain philosophical assumptions made at the base of the scientific method – namely, 1) that reality is objective and consistent, 2) that humans have the capacity to perceive reality accurately, and that 3) rational explanations exist for elements of the real world.
Gödel left a fourteen-point outline of his philosophical beliefs in his papers. [1] Points relevant to the ontological proof include: 4. There are other worlds and rational beings of a different and higher kind. 5. The world in which we live is not the only one in which we shall live or have lived. 13.
In metaphysics, object-oriented ontology (OOO) is a 21st-century Heidegger-influenced school of thought that rejects the privileging of human existence over the existence of nonhuman objects. [1] This is in contrast to post- Kantian philosophy's tendency to refuse "speak[ing] of the world without humans or humans without the world".