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The backfire effect is a name for the finding that given evidence against their beliefs, people can reject the evidence and believe even more strongly. [138] [139] The phrase was coined by Brendan Nyhan and Jason Reifler in 2010. [140] However, subsequent research has since failed to replicate findings supporting the backfire effect. [141]
Philosophers, such as Karl R. Popper, have provided influential theories of the scientific method within which scientific evidence plays a central role. [8] In summary, Popper provides that a scientist creatively develops a theory that may be falsified by testing the theory against evidence or known facts.
If one party to a debate accuses the other of denialism they are framing the debate. This is because an accusation of denialism is both prescriptive and polemic: prescriptive because it carries implications that there is truth to the denied claim; polemic since the accuser implies that continued denial in the light of presented evidence raises questions about the other's motives. [10]
This position has problems in explaining why it is still rational for the subject to believe that there is a fire even though the olfactory experience cannot be considered evidence. [6] [2] In philosophy of science, evidence is understood as that which confirms or disconfirms scientific hypotheses and arbitrates between competing theories.
Even where a topic is presented in terms of facts rather than opinions, inappropriate tones can be introduced through how facts are selected, presented, or organized. Neutral articles are written with a tone that provides an unbiased, accurate, and proportionate representation of all positions included in the article.
After his passing, evidence came out that he actually helped row the lifeboats and saved fellow passengers, restoring his good name. #7 TIL of Masabumi Hosono, who was the only Japanese passenger ...
Objectivity also outlines an institutional role for journalists as a fourth estate, a body that exists apart from government and large interest groups. [4] Journalistic objectivity requires that a journalist not be on either side of an argument. The journalist must report only the facts and not a personal attitude toward the facts. [5]
Protein is the key to keeping you full and energized. But when it comes to the source, some proteins stand above the rest, according to a new report from an advisory committee to the United States ...