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The first and, for a long time, most popular theory regarding the composition of Greek fire held that its chief ingredient was saltpeter, making it an early form of gunpowder. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] This argument was based on the "thunder and smoke" description, as well as on the distance the flame could be projected from the siphōn , which suggested ...
Here, 2 is being multiplied by 3 using scaling, giving 6 as a result. Animation for the multiplication 2 × 3 = 6 4 × 5 = 20. The large rectangle is made up of 20 squares, each 1 unit by 1 unit. Area of a cloth 4.5m × 2.5m = 11.25m 2; 4 1 / 2 × 2 1 / 2 = 11 1 / 4
In the base −2 representation, a signed number is represented using a number system with base −2. In conventional binary number systems, the base, or radix, is 2; thus the rightmost bit represents 2 0, the next bit represents 2 1, the next bit 2 2, and so on. However, a binary number system with base −2 is also possible.
Church numerals 0, 1, 2, ..., are defined as follows in the lambda calculus. Starting with 0 not applying the function at all, proceed with 1 applying the function once, 2 applying the function twice, 3 applying the function three times, etc. :
This thermometer is indicating a negative Fahrenheit temperature (−4 °F). In mathematics, a negative number is the opposite of a positive real number. [1] Equivalently, a negative number is a real number that is less than zero. Negative numbers are often used to represent the magnitude of a loss or deficiency.
Thus πδ represents an 84° arc, and the ∠′ after it means one-half, so that πδ∠′ means 84 + 1 ⁄ 2 °. In the next column we see π μα γ , meaning 80 + 41 / 60 + 3 / 60² . That is the length of the chord corresponding to an arc of 84 + 1 ⁄ 2 ° when the diameter of the circle is 120.
For instance, the numeral for 10,405 uses one time the symbol for 10,000, four times the symbol for 100, and five times the symbol for 1. A similar well-known framework is the Roman numeral system . It has the symbols I, V, X, L, C, D, M as its basic numerals to represent the numbers 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000.
A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems. [1]