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Usenet Physics FAQ "Does mass change with velocity?" by Philip Gibbs et al., 2002, retrieved August 10, 2006 "What is the mass of a photon?" by Matt Austern et al., 1998, retrieved June 27, 2007; Max Jammer (1997), Concepts of Mass in Classical and Modern Physics, Courier Dover Publications, pp. 177– 178, ISBN 978-0-486-29998-3
The concept of mass in general relativity (GR) is more subtle to define than the concept of mass in special relativity.In fact, general relativity does not offer a single definition of the term mass, but offers several different definitions that are applicable under different circumstances.
The mass of an object as measured in its own frame of reference is called its rest mass or invariant mass and is sometimes written . If an object moves with velocity v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } in some other reference frame, the quantity m = γ ( v ) m 0 {\displaystyle m=\gamma (\mathbf {v} )m_{0}} is often called the object's "relativistic ...
According to behavioral momentum theory, the relation between response rate and resistance to change is analogous to the relation between velocity and mass of a moving object, according to Newton's second law of motion (Nevin, Mandell & Atak, 1983). Newton's second law states that the change in velocity of an object when a force is applied is ...
In these frameworks, two kinds of mass are defined: rest mass (invariant mass), [note 9] and relativistic mass (which increases with velocity). Rest mass is the Newtonian mass as measured by an observer moving along with the object. Relativistic mass is the total quantity of energy in a body or system divided by c 2. The two are related by the ...
Today, the relation of mass, momentum, velocity, and all forms of energy – including electromagnetic energy – is analyzed on the basis of Albert Einstein's special relativity and mass–energy equivalence. As to the cause of mass of elementary particles, the Higgs mechanism in the framework of the relativistic Standard Model is currently ...
The added mass can be incorporated into most physics equations by considering an effective mass as the sum of the mass and added mass. This sum is commonly known as the "virtual mass". A simple formulation of the added mass for a spherical body permits Newton's classical second law to be written in the form
Therefore, the Newtonian definition of mass as the ratio of three-force and three-acceleration is disadvantageous in SR, because such a mass would depend both on velocity and direction. Consequently, the following mass definitions used in older textbooks are not used anymore: [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ H 2 ]