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Retinoic acid (simplified nomenclature for all-trans-retinoic acid) is a metabolite of vitamin A 1 (all-trans-retinol) that is required for embryonic development, male fertility, regulation of bone growth and immune function. [2] All-trans-retinoic acid is required for chordate animal development, which includes all higher animals from fish to ...
13082 Ensembl ENSG00000095596 ENSMUSG00000024987 UniProt O43174 O55127 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_057157 NM_000783 NM_007811 RefSeq (protein) NP_000774 NP_476498 NP_031837 Location (UCSC) Chr 10: 93.07 – 93.08 Mb Chr 19: 37.69 – 37.69 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Cytochrome P450 26A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP26A1 gene. Function This gene encodes a ...
During development, retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, is used to stimulate the growth of the posterior end of the organism. [12] Retinoic acid binds to retinoic acid receptors that acts as transcription factors to regulate the expression of Hox genes. Exposure of embryos to exogenous retinoids especially in the first trimester results ...
The PAX6 gene locus is a transcription factor for the various genes and growth factors involved in eye formation. [1] [5] Eye morphogenesis begins with the evagination, or outgrowth, of the optic grooves or sulci. These two grooves in the neural folds transform into optic vesicles with the closure of the neural tube. [6]
Retinoic acid via the retinoic acid receptor influences the process of cell differentiation and, hence, the growth and development of embryos. During development, there is a concentration gradient of retinoic acid along the anterior-posterior (head-tail) axis. Cells in the embryo respond to retinoic acid differently depending on the amount present.
Although excess retinoic acid can alter limb patterning by ectopically activating Shh expression, genetic studies in mouse that eliminate retinoic acid synthesis have shown that RA is not required for limb patterning. [17] Chicken development is a wonderful example of this specificity of Hox gene expression in regard to limb development.
In somitogenesis, somites form from the paraxial mesoderm, a particular region of mesoderm in the neurulating embryo. This tissue undergoes convergent extension as the primitive streak regresses, or as the embryo gastrulates. The notochord extends from the base of the head to the tail; with it extend thick bands of paraxial mesoderm. [1]
CRBP I/II, cellular-binding proteins involved in transport of retinol and metabolites into retinyl esters for storage or into retinoic acid. [14] CRABPs, cellular retinoic acid–binding proteins capable of binding retinol and retinoic acid with high affinity. [15] [16] [17] It has also been characterized that CRABPs are involved in many ...