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The PICO process (or framework) is a mnemonic used in evidence-based practice (and specifically evidence-based medicine) to frame and answer a clinical or health care related question, [1] though it is also argued that PICO "can be used universally for every scientific endeavour in any discipline with all study designs". [2]
The STAR Model is composed of five major stages: knowledge discovery, evidence summary, translation into practice recommendations, integration into practice, and evaluation. The model is one of the most commonly used frameworks that have shaped evidence-based nursing. [2]
The scientist–practitioner model urges clinicians to allow empirical research to influence their applied practice; while simultaneously, allowing their experiences during applied practice to shape their future research questions. Therefore, continuously advancing, refining and perfecting the scientific paradigms of the field. [3]
The next step in the evidence-based practice process is to evaluate whether the treatment was effective in terms of patient outcomes. It is important to evaluate the outcomes in a real-world clinical setting to determine the impact of the evidence-based change on healthcare quality. [4]
Evidence-based practice is the idea that occupational practices ought to be based on scientific evidence.The movement towards evidence-based practices attempts to encourage and, in some instances, require professionals and other decision-makers to pay more attention to evidence to inform their decision-making.
The JBI Model of Evidence-based Healthcare was developed in 2005 and updated in 2016. [4]It is described by reference to a pictogram, with one circle inside another. [5] The 'inner circle' represents the pebble of knowledge while the 'inner wedges' provide the organisation's conceptualization of the steps involved in the process of achieving an evidence-based approach to clinical decision-making.
The CHE continues to maintain the full text pre-publication version of this series on behalf of the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group with permission from the journal. "Online version: Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice, Second Edition". JAMAevidence. American Medical Association. 2008
By 2000, use of the term evidence-based had extended to other levels of the health care system. An example is evidence-based health services, which seek to increase the competence of health service decision makers and the practice of evidence-based medicine at the organizational or institutional level. [55]