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[citation needed] The shortness of breath emphysema causes can increase over time and develop into chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A sign of emphysema in smokers is a higher number of alveolar macrophages sampled from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in the lungs. The number can be four to six times greater in those who smoke than in non ...
A history of exposure to potential causes and evaluation of symptoms may help in revealing the cause the exacerbation, which helps in choosing the best treatment. A sputum culture can specify which strain is causing a bacterial AECB. [5] An early morning sample is preferred. [7] E-nose showed the ability to smell the cause of the exacerbation. [8]
A chronic cough can also have a few potential causes. Those include: Asthma. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Smoking. ... “A productive cough is a cough that produces phlegm,” Dr ...
Bronchoconstriction is defined as the narrowing of the airways in the lungs (bronchi and bronchioles). Air flow in air passages can get restricted in three ways: [3] a spasmodic state of the smooth muscles in bronchi and bronchioles; an inflammation in the middle layers of the bronchi and bronchioles; excessive production of mucus.
Other causes can include acid reflux, asthma, allergies, or other chronic medical conditions, adds Richard Watkins, M.D., an infectious disease physician and professor of medicine at the Northeast ...
The bacteria camp out inside the lungs and cause very gradual changes in the consistency and appearance of phlegm." If you have chronic lung disease, you may be used to seeing brown phlegm, notes ...