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The mesopelagic zone is the disphotic zone, meaning light there is minimal but still measurable. The oxygen minimum layer exists somewhere between a depth of 700 metres (2,297 ft) and 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) deep depending on the place in the ocean. This area is also where nutrients are most abundant.
The alfonsino has large eyes and a deep, compressed body, 1.9–2.5 times its standard length at the greatest depth. [5] It is a rose red color dorsally and orange ventrally. The rest of its body is silvery-pink, and the breast is yellow-white in color. [4] Fins and the inside of the mouth are bright red.
Historically, the hadal zone was not recognized as distinct from the abyssal zone, although the deepest sections were sometimes called "ultra-abyssal".During the early 1950s, the Danish Galathea II and Soviet Vityaz expeditions separately discovered a distinct shift in the life at depths of 6,000–7,000 m (20,000–23,000 ft) not recognized by the broad definition of the abyssal zone.
They reached a depth of 435 m (1,427 ft), where they observed jellyfish and shrimp. 1934: The Bathysphere reached a depth of 923 m (3,028 ft). 1947–1948: Swedish oceanographer Hans Petterson organised and led the Albatross expedition, which went 45,000 nautical miles (51,785 mi; 83,340 km) around the equator in 15 months. With a help of a ...
During the day, trawls at depths between 350 and 600 m (1,100 and 2,000 ft) produce the highest catches and at night the greatest abundance of fish is in the depth range 170 and 400 m (600 and 1,300 ft); this indicates that some, but not necessarily all, fish make short daily vertical migrations. [1]
At great depths, food scarcity and extreme pressure works to limit the survivability of fish. The deepest point of the ocean is about 11,000 metres (6.8 miles). Bathypelagic fishes are not normally found below 3,000 metres (1.9 miles). The greatest depth recorded for a benthic fish is 8,370 m (5.20 mi). [67]
At depths of 4,000–6,000 m (13,000–20,000 ft), [2] this zone remains in perpetual darkness. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It covers 83% of the total area of the ocean and 60% of Earth's surface. [ 5 ] The abyssal zone has temperatures around 2–3 °C (36–37 °F) through the large majority of its mass. [ 3 ]
Chimaeras live in temperate ocean floors, with some species inhabiting depths exceeding 2,000 m (6,600 ft), [8] with relatively few modern species regularly inhabiting shallow water. Exceptions include the members of the genus Callorhinchus , the rabbit fish and the spotted ratfish , which locally or periodically can be found at shallower depths.