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At depths of 4,000–6,000 m (13,000–20,000 ft), [2] this zone remains in perpetual darkness. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It covers 83% of the total area of the ocean and 60% of Earth's surface. [ 5 ] The abyssal zone has temperatures around 2–3 °C (36–37 °F) through the large majority of its mass. [ 3 ]
The hadal zone, also known as the hadopelagic zone, is the deepest region of the ocean, lying within oceanic trenches.The hadal zone ranges from around 6 to 11 km (3.7 to 6.8 mi; 20,000 to 36,000 ft) below sea level, and exists in long, narrow, topographic V-shaped depressions.
The mesopelagic zone is the disphotic zone, meaning light there is minimal but still measurable. The oxygen minimum layer exists somewhere between a depth of 700 metres (2,297 ft) and 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) deep depending on the place in the ocean. This area is also where nutrients are most abundant.
They reached a depth of 435 m (1,427 ft), where they observed jellyfish and shrimp. 1934: The Bathysphere reached a depth of 923 m (3,028 ft). 1947–1948: Swedish oceanographer Hans Petterson organised and led the Albatross expedition, which went 45,000 nautical miles (51,785 mi; 83,340 km) around the equator in 15 months. With a help of a ...
After the Trieste was retired, the Japanese remote-operated vehicle (ROV) KaikÅ was the only vessel capable of reaching this depth until it was lost at sea in 2003. [8] In May and June 2009, the hybrid-ROV Nereus returned to the Challenger Deep for a series of three dives to depths exceeding 10,900 m (35,800 ft; 6.8 mi).
Dumbo octopuses are the deepest living octopuses known, with some specimens captured or observed at hadal depths. One Grimpoteuthis specimen was captured 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Grand Cayman at 7,279 metres (23,881 ft), but this depth is uncertain (as the specimen may have been captured while the net was descending to this depth).
Approximate location of Emden Deep in the Philippine Trench The Emden Deep , also known as the Galathea Deep or Galathea Depth , is the portion of the 10,540-metre-deep (34,580 ft) Philippine Trench exceeding 6,000-metre (20,000 ft) depths in the south-western Pacific Ocean .
The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project, which aims to motivate a number of collaborators to create a full map of the ocean floor, was launched in 2016. [5] There are four Seabed 2030 centres, which coordinate mapping activities in different regions, gather and compile the bathymetric information, and partner with existing mapping ...