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The temperature-size rule denotes the plastic response (i.e. phenotypic plasticity) of organismal body size to environmental temperature variation. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Organisms exhibiting a plastic response are capable of allowing their body size to fluctuate with environmental temperature.
Allen's rule - Hare and its ears on the Earth [1]. Allen's rule is an ecogeographical rule formulated by Joel Asaph Allen in 1877, [2] [3] broadly stating that animals adapted to cold climates have shorter and thicker limbs and bodily appendages than animals adapted to warm climates.
Bergmann's rule - Penguins on the Earth (mass m, height h) [1] Bergmann's rule is an ecogeographical rule that states that, within a broadly distributed taxonomic clade, populations and species of larger size are found in colder environments, while populations and species of smaller size are found in warmer regions.
The bodies of some animals, such as woodrats, are inversely correlated with the mean annual temperature of their environment. [9] This is an applied example of Bergmann's rule; Drosophila species occur in both tropical climates, where the temperature is warm, and temperate climates, where the temperature is colder. When both groups of species ...
This pattern of body size variation, known as the temperature-size rule (TSR), [18] has been observed for a wide range of ectotherms, including single-celled and multicellular species, invertebrates and vertebrates. [17] [19] [13] The processes underlying the inverse relationship between body size and temperature remain to be identified. [17]
Through metabolism, body size can affect stoichiometry. For example, small organism tend to store most of their phosphorus in rRNA due to their high metabolic rate, [10] [11] [12] whereas large organisms mostly invest this element inside the skeletal structure. Thus, concentration of elements to some extent can limit the rate of biological ...
Tardigrades live over the entire world, including the high Himalayas. [4] Tardigrades are also able to survive temperatures of close to absolute zero (−273 °C or −459 °F), [5] temperatures as high as 151 °C (304 °F), radiation that would kill other animals, [6] and almost a decade without water. [7]
Gigantothermy (sometimes called ectothermic homeothermy or inertial homeothermy) is a phenomenon with significance in biology and paleontology, whereby large, bulky ectothermic animals are more easily able to maintain a constant, relatively high body temperature than smaller animals by virtue of their smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio. [1]