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This can bias the estimate of the effective population size, because temporal fluctuations in allele frequencies follow complicated patterns when generations overlap. [9] In the Neutral theory of molecular evolution, [10] it is shown that the rate of evolution (substitution rate) in neutral genes is not influenced by fluctuations in population ...
Hybrid zones can form from secondary contact. A hybrid zone exists where the ranges of two interbreeding species or diverged intraspecific lineages meet and cross-fertilize. . Hybrid zones can form in situ due to the evolution of a new lineage [1] [page needed] but generally they result from secondary contact of the parental forms after a period of geographic isolation, which allowed their ...
Phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) use information on the historical relationships of lineages (phylogenies) to test evolutionary hypotheses.The comparative method has a long history in evolutionary biology; indeed, Charles Darwin used differences and similarities between species as a major source of evidence in The Origin of Species.
The idea of evolution by natural selection was proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859, but evolutionary biology, as an academic discipline in its own right, emerged during the period of the modern synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s. [19] It was not until the 1980s that many universities had departments of evolutionary biology.
In the range of overlap, only brown males of F. hypoleuca exist and are thought to have evolved the brown plumage to prevent hybridization, [17] though there is also evidence indicating that such character displacement is explained by heterospecific competition for territory rather than reinforcement. [18]
An overlapping gene (or OLG) [1] [2] is a gene whose expressible nucleotide sequence partially overlaps with the expressible nucleotide sequence of another gene. [3] In this way, a nucleotide sequence may make a contribution to the function of one or more gene products.
Character displacement occurs when similar species that live in the same geographical region and occupy similar niches differentiate in order to minimize niche overlap and avoid competitive exclusion. Several species of Galapagos finches display character displacement. Each closely related species differs in beak size and beak depth, allowing ...
However, the criteria for defining convergent as opposed to parallel evolution are unclear in practice, so that arbitrary diagnosis is common. When two species share a trait, evolution is defined as parallel if the ancestors are known to have shared that similarity; if not, it is defined as convergent.
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