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If Gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococci are visualized on direct Gram stain of urethral pus (male genital infection), no further testing is needed to establish the diagnosis of gonorrhea infection. [40] [41] However, direct Gram stain of cervical swabs is not useful because the N. gonorrhoeae organisms are less concentrated in these samples.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also known as gonococcus (singular) or gonococci (plural), is a species of Gram-negative diplococci bacteria first isolated by Albert Neisser in 1879. [3] An obligate human pathogen, it primarily colonizes the mucosal lining of the urogenital tract; however, it is also capable of adhering to the mucosa of the nose, [ 4 ...
Medically-relevant gram-negative diplococci include the four types that cause a sexually transmitted disease (Neisseria gonorrhoeae [17]), a meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis [18]), and respiratory symptoms (Moraxella catarrhalis, [19] A coccobacillus Haemophilus influenzae is another medically relevant coccal type.
Treatment typically consists of cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone antibiotics. [5] Gonococcemia is typically treated with intravenous or intramuscular cephalosporin antibiotics. [ 6 ] Approximately 10-30% of gonorrheal infections present with a co-infection of chlamydia , so it is common to add a one-time dose of oral azithromycin or ...
Moraxella catarrhalis is a fastidious, nonmotile, Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive diplococcus that can cause infections of the respiratory system, middle ear, eye, central nervous system, and joints of humans. It causes the infection of the host cell by sticking to the host cell using trimeric autotransporter adhesins.
Neisseria meningitidis, often referred to as the meningococcus, is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia, a life-threatening sepsis. The bacterium is referred to as a coccus because it is round, and more specifically a diplococcus because of its tendency to form pairs.
It has been easy to test for the presence of gonorrhea by viewing a Gram stain of the urethral discharge under a microscope: The causative organism is distinctive in appearance; however, this works only with men because other non-pathogenic gram-negative microbes are present as normal flora of the vagina in women. Thus, one of the major causes ...
Gram-negative, diplococci were present in the smear, narrowing the organism down to a Neisseria species. Ultimately, blood cultures revealed N. flavescens to be the culprit, due to observation of yellow-gold colony formation and no sugar fermentation.