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The urea breath test is a rapid diagnostic procedure used to identify infections by Helicobacter pylori, a spiral bacterium implicated in gastritis, gastric ulcer, and peptic ulcer disease. It is based upon the ability of H. pylori to convert urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide.
[40] [41] In a study, B 12 deficiency caused by Helicobacter pylori was positively correlated with CagA positivity and gastric inflammatory activity, rather than gastric atrophy. [42] Less commonly, H. pylori and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome may cause a form of nonautoimmune gastritis that can lead to pernicious anemia. [43]
H pylori is a helical bacterium having a predominantly helical shape, also often described as having a spiral or S shape. [24] [25] Its helical shape is better suited for progressing through the viscous mucosa lining of the stomach, and is maintained by a number of enzymes in the cell wall's peptidoglycan. [1]
Inhaled allergens can also lead to increased production of mucus in the lungs, shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. [24] Aside from these ambient allergens, allergic reactions can result from foods, insect stings, and reactions to medications like aspirin and antibiotics such as penicillin.
Rapid urease test, also known as the CLO test (Campylobacter-like organism test), is a rapid diagnostic test for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori. [1] The basis of the test is the ability of H. pylori to secrete the urease enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide.
Investigation for H. pylori is not usually needed. [42] The current gold standard for diagnosis of GERD is esophageal pH monitoring. It is the most objective test to diagnose the reflux disease and allows monitoring GERD patients in their response to medical or surgical treatment.
Approximately half of those with peptic ulcers have an H. pylori infection. [3] Other causes include Mallory-Weiss tears, cancer, and angiodysplasia. [2] A number of medications are found to cause upper GI bleeds. [16] NSAIDs or COX-2 inhibitors increase the risk about fourfold. [16] SSRIs, corticosteroids, and anticoagulants may also increase ...
Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato (i.e. H. heilmanni s.l.) is a grouping of non-H. pylori Helicobacter species that take as part of their definition a similarity to H. pylori in being associated with the development of stomach inflammation, stomach ulcers, [11] duodenum ulcers, [12] stomach cancers that are not lymphomas, and extranodal ...