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The management of scoliosis is complex and is determined primarily by the type of scoliosis encountered: syndromic, congenital, neuromuscular, or idiopathic. [1] Treatment options for idiopathic scoliosis are determined in part by the severity of the curvature and skeletal maturity, which together help predict the likelihood of progression.
Preoperative (left) and postoperative (right) X-ray of a person with thoracic dextroscoliosis and lumbar levoscoliosis: The X-ray is usually projected anteroposterior, such that the right side of the subject is on the right side of the image; i.e., the subject is viewed from the rear (see left image; the right image is seen from the front).
The costotransverse joint connects the rib with the transverse processes of vertebrae. References
Spondylosis is caused from years of constant abnormal pressure, caused by joint subluxation, stress induced by sports, acute and/or repetitive trauma, or poor posture, being placed on the vertebrae and the discs between them. The abnormal stress causes the body to form new bone in order to compensate for the new weight distribution.
The joint space equals the distance between the involved bones of the joint. A joint space narrowing is a sign of either (or both) osteoarthritis and inflammatory degeneration. [12] The normal joint space is at least 2 mm in the hip (at the superior acetabulum), [13] at least 3 mm in the knee, [14] and 4–5 mm in the shoulder joint. [15]
The lumbosacral joint is a joint of the body, between the last lumbar vertebra and the first sacral segment of the vertebral column. [1] [2] In some ways, calling it a "joint" (singular) is a misnomer, since the lumbosacral junction includes a disc between the lower lumbar vertebral body and the uppermost sacral vertebral body, as well as two lumbosacral facet joints (right and left ...
In other words, the facet joint between C4 and C5 vertebral segments is innervated by the C4 and C5 medial branch nerves. However, there are two exceptions: The facet joint between C2 and C3 is innervated by the third occipital nerve and the C3 medial branch nerve. The facet joint between C7 and T1 is innervated by the C7 and C8 medial branch ...
Hemivertebrae are wedge-shaped vertebrae and therefore can cause an angle in the spine (such as kyphosis, scoliosis, and lordosis).Among the congenital vertebral anomalies, hemivertebrae are the most likely to cause neurologic problems. [5]