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A Christian and a Muslim playing chess, illustration from the Book of Games of Alfonso X (c. 1285). [1] During the High Middle Ages, the Islamic world was an important contributor to the global cultural scene, innovating and supplying information and ideas to Europe, via Al-Andalus, Sicily and the Crusader kingdoms in the Levant.
Islam's significance in Germany has largely increased [3] after the labour migration in the 1960s and several waves of political refugees since the 1970s.. According to a representative survey, it is estimated that in 2019, there were 5.3–5.6 million Muslims with a migrant background [a] in Germany (6.4–6.7% of the population), in addition to an unknown number of Muslims without a migrant ...
The Muslim population in Europe is extremely diverse with varied histories and origins. [4] [5] [6] Today, the Muslim-majority regions of Europe include several countries in the Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and the European part of Turkey), some Russian republics in the North Caucasus and the Idel-Ural region, and the European part of Kazakhstan.
Learned Muslim captives played a very important role in the spread of Arabic science and philosophy over the Christian world. [22] The liberation of Muslim slaves was a state affair and elevated the popular esteem of the sovereign government. Muslim slaves were either freed or exchanged through special legislation and international treaties. [23]
The term Muslim Europe is used for the predominantly Muslim countries of Europe, including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Turkey, Kosovo, and Azerbaijan.As well as Muslim majority regions in Europe, including western parts of North Macedonia, Sandžak region within Serbia and Montenegro, Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria, [1] and many Muslim majority republics within Russia such as Kabardino ...
Martin proclaimed yet another crusade in 1427. He appointed Cardinal Henry Beaufort of England, papal legate of Germany, Hungary and Bohemia, to lead the crusader forces. The crusaders were defeated at the Battle of Tachov. [153] The Hussites invaded parts of Germany several times, but they made no attempt to occupy any part of the country.
Germany was weak relative to the other European colonial powers, and sought a strategic alliance with the Ottoman Empire. The Baghdad Railway would have advanced Germany's imperial ambitions, including the settlement of Germans in Anatolia , and given the Germans greater flexibility in transporting their troops to the Persian Gulf and on to ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 26 January 2025. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...