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Correct operation of the petrochemical process plant is achieved through the action of control loops. [1] These automatically maintain and control the pressure, temperature, liquid level and flowrate of fluid in vessels and piping. Control loops compare the measured value of a parameter on the plant, eg. pressure, with a pre-determined set point.
A control loop is the fundamental building block of control systems in general and industrial control systems in particular. It consists of the process sensor, the controller function, and the final control element (FCE) which controls the process necessary to automatically adjust the value of a measured process variable (PV) to equal the value of a desired set-point (SP).
Instrumentation and control engineering is a vital field of study offered at many universities worldwide at both the graduate and postgraduate levels. This discipline integrates principles from various branches of engineering, providing a comprehensive understanding of the design, analysis, and management of automated systems.
Another loop may contain two passive chart recorders, a passive pressure transmitter, and a 24 V battery (the battery is the active device). Note that a 4-wire instrument has a power-supply input separate from the current loop. Panel mount displays and chart recorders are commonly termed "indicator devices" or "process monitors".
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Example checklist. While the check sheets discussed above are all for capturing and categorizing observations, the checklist is intended as a mistake-proofing aid when carrying out multi-step procedures, particularly during the checking and finishing of process outputs. This type of check sheet consists of the following:
An SIS performs a safety instrumented function (SIF).The SIS is credited with a certain measure of reliability depending on its safety integrity level (SIL).The required SIL is determined from a quantitative process hazard analysis (PHA), such as a Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA).
A more general technique, called loop analysis (with the corresponding network variables called loop currents) can be applied to any circuit, planar or not [citation needed]. Mesh analysis and loop analysis both make systematic use of Kirchhoff’s voltage law to arrive at a set of equations guaranteed to be solvable if the circuit has a ...