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The phrase gana sangha can be translated as (rule by) tribal assembly. In ancient Buddhist texts like the Anguttara Nikaya [ 5 ] which make frequent reference to the great states in ancient India , the texts often use the phrase to refer a type of aristocratic rule, contrast to monarchy (साम्राज्य samarajya in Sanskrit).
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Vedic Civilisation (1500–500 BC) – Janapadas (1500–600 BC) – Black and Red ware culture (1300–1000 BC) – Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BC) – Northern Black Polished Ware
Balatkara Gana is an ancient Jain monastic order. It is a section of the Mula Sangh. It is often termed Balatkara Gana Sarasvati Gachchha. [1] Until the beginning of the 20th century it was present in a number of places in India. [2] However all its seats in North India became vacant in early 20th century.
The idea that all Buddhists, especially sangha members, practice vegetarianism is a Western misperception. In the Pali Canon, the Buddha rejected a suggestion by Devadatta to impose vegetarianism on the sangha. According to the Pali Texts, the Buddha ate meat as long as the animal was not killed specifically for him.
The monastic sangha of Jainism is divided into a number of orders or troupes called ganas, each headed by a ganadhara. [5] [6] In 20th century, statues depicting Tīrthankaras and Ganadharas were unearthed in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. [7]
The greatest contribution of Mandalapruder or Vira Mandalaver is Sudamani Nigandhu.This work, which he created at the suggestion of his guru Gunapattiren, comprises 989 stanzas arranged in 12 chapters.
"Thus a bhaṭṭāraka illuminates both dharmas, is an expert in all scriptures, has the authority to recite the suri-mantra (to consecrate an image). He is also responsible for preserving the order. He is the head of the six limbs of the sangha: shravaka, shravika, pandita (brahma), muni (maha vrati), aryika and Bhattaraka."