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The concept of Parallel Coordinates is often said to originate in 1885 by a French mathematician Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne. [1] d'Ocagne sought a way to provide graphical calculation of mathematical functions using alignment diagrams called nomograms which used parallel axes with different scales.
Map of the French coast, corrected by the Academy of Sciences in 1682. In the year 1634, France ruled by Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu, decided that the Ferro Meridian through the westernmost of the Canary Islands should be used as the reference on maps, since El Hierro (Ferro) was the most western position of the Ptolemy's world map. [3]
A geographic coordinate system (GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude. [1] It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used type of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others.
A Cartesian coordinate system in two dimensions (also called a rectangular coordinate system or an orthogonal coordinate system [8]) is defined by an ordered pair of perpendicular lines (axes), a single unit of length for both axes, and an orientation for each axis. The point where the axes meet is taken as the origin for both, thus turning ...
This is the definition assumed when the word latitude is used without qualification. The definition must be accompanied with a specification of the ellipsoid. Geocentric latitude (also known as spherical latitude, after the 3D polar angle): the angle between the radius (from centre to the point on the surface) and the equatorial plane. (Figure ...
Equirectangular projection of the world; the standard parallel is the equator (plate carrée projection). Equirectangular projection with Tissot's indicatrix of deformation and with the standard parallels lying on the equator True-colour satellite image of Earth in equirectangular projection Height map of planet Earth at 2km per pixel, including oceanic bathymetry information, normalized as 8 ...
The cone is unrolled, and the parallel that was touching the sphere is assigned unit scale. That parallel is called the standard parallel. By scaling the resulting map, two parallels can be assigned unit scale, with scale decreasing between the two parallels and increasing outside them. This gives the map two standard parallels.
Geodetic latitude and geocentric latitude have different definitions. Geodetic latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the surface normal at a point on the ellipsoid, whereas geocentric latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and a radial line connecting the centre of the ellipsoid to a point on the surface (see figure).