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The first master strength player to experiment with Hippopotamus-type structures appears to have been the Slovak International Master Maximilian Ujtelky. [2] The opening first came to public prominence, however, after being adopted twice by Boris Spassky in his 1966 World Championship match against Tigran Petrosian [3] [4] (after which the setup was dubbed the "Hippopotamus" by commentators).
The Modern Defense (also known as the Robatsch Defence after Karl Robatsch) is a hypermodern chess opening in which Black allows White to occupy the center with pawns on d4 and e4, then proceeds to attack and undermine this "ideal" center without attempting to occupy it. The Modern Defense usually starts with the opening moves: 1. e4 g6
In the game of chess, Indian Defence or Indian Game is a broad term for a group of openings characterised by the moves: . 1. d4 Nf6 [1]. They are all to varying degrees hypermodern defences, where Black invites White to establish an imposing presence in the centre with the plan of undermining and ultimately destroying it.
The Barnes Opening (sometimes called Gedult's Opening) is a chess opening where White opens with: . 1. f3. The opening is named after Thomas Wilson Barnes (1825–1874), an English player who had an impressive [1] eight wins over Paul Morphy, including one game where Barnes answered 1.e4 with 1...f6, known as the Barnes Defence.
The Damiano Defence is a chess opening beginning with the moves: . e4 e5; Nf3 f6?; The defence is one of the oldest chess openings, with games dating back to the 16th century. It is a weak opening that gives a large advantage for White after 3.Nxe5.
Traditional chess strategy would have frowned upon Black's setup, since their pieces have little room in which to manoeuvre. In the early 1970s, " 'hedgehog' was a generic term for any setup that was cramped, defensive and difficult to attack", but today refers specifically to this formation. [1]
The Scandinavian Defense (or Center Counter Defense, or Center Counter Game) is a chess opening characterized by the moves: 1. e4 d5. This opening is classified under code B01 in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings. The Scandinavian Defense, described in the poem Scachs d'amor, is the oldest opening by Black recorded in modern chess. [1]
During this period Viktor Korchnoi employed the English Defence successfully in game 6 of his Candidates semi-final match against Lev Polugaevsky at Évian 1977 (see below). The English Defence remains rare in grandmaster play, but has been used (often as a surprise weapon) by players such as Nigel Short , Alexander Morozevich , Hikaru Nakamura ...