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A flame during the assessment of calcium ions in a flame photometer. The sample of a material (analyte) is brought into the flame as a gas, sprayed solution, or directly inserted into the flame by use of a small loop of wire, usually platinum. The heat from the flame evaporates the solvent and breaks intramolecular bonds to create free atoms.
Flame photometry is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy. It is also known as flame emission spectroscopy . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] A photoelectric flame photometer is an instrument used in inorganic chemical analysis to determine the concentration of certain metal ions, among them sodium , potassium , lithium , and calcium . [ 3 ]
The color of the flames also generally depends on temperature and oxygen fed; see flame colors. [5] The procedure uses different solvents and flames to view the test flame through a cobalt blue glass or didymium glass to filter the interfering light of contaminants such as sodium. [12] Flame tests are subject of a number of limitations.
A laboratory flame photometer that uses a propane operated flame atomizer Liquid or dissolved samples are typically used with flame atomizers. The sample solution is aspirated by a pneumatic analytical nebulizer , transformed into an aerosol , which is introduced into a spray chamber, where it is mixed with the flame gases and conditioned in a ...
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Flame ionization detectors cannot detect inorganic substances and some highly oxygenated or functionalized species like infrared and laser technology can. In some systems, CO and CO 2 can be detected in the FID using a methanizer , which is a bed of Ni catalyst that reduces CO and CO 2 to methane, which can be in turn detected by the FID.
Flame photometric detector (FPD) uses a photomultiplier tube to detect spectral lines of the compounds as they are burned in a flame. Compounds eluting off the column are carried into a hydrogen fueled flame which excites specific elements in the molecules, and the excited elements (P,S, Halogens, Some Metals) emit light of specific ...
Within these ranges of light, calibrations are needed on the machine using standards that vary in type depending on the wavelength of the photometric determination. [4] An example of an experiment in which spectrophotometry is used is the determination of the equilibrium constant of a solution.