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For example, if N = 84923, (by starting at 292, the first number greater than √ N and counting up) the 505 2 mod 84923 is 256, the square of 16. So (505 − 16)(505 + 16) = 0 mod 84923 . Computing the greatest common divisor of 505 − 16 and N using Euclid's algorithm gives 163, which is a factor of N .
The essential idea behind trial division tests to see if an integer n, the integer to be factored, can be divided by each number in turn that is less than or equal to the square root of n. For example, to find the prime factors of n = 70 , one can try to divide 70 by successive primes: first, 70 / 2 = 35 ; next, neither 2 nor 3 evenly divides ...
JTS is developed under the Java JDK 1.4 platform. It is 100% pure Java. It will run on all more recent JDKs as well. [6] JTS has been ported to the .NET Framework as the Net Topology Suite. A JTS subset has been ported to C++, with entry points declared as C interfaces, as the GEOS library.
The quadratic sieve algorithm (QS) is an integer factorization algorithm and, in practice, the second-fastest method known (after the general number field sieve).It is still the fastest for integers under 100 decimal digits or so, and is considerably simpler than the number field sieve.
For example, successively searching through integers 1, 2, 3, … to see if we can find an example of some phenomenon—say an odd perfect number—it is quite easy to write a partially correct program (see box). But to say this program is totally correct would be to assert something currently not known in number theory.
This corresponds to a set of y values whose product is a square number, i.e. one whose factorization has only even exponents. The products of x and y values together form a congruence of squares. This is a classic system of linear equations problem, and can be efficiently solved using Gaussian elimination as soon as the number of rows exceeds ...
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() is always a perfect square. [10] As it is only a necessary condition but not a sufficient one, it can be used in checking if a given triple of numbers is not a Pythagorean triple. For example, the triples {6, 12, 18} and {1, 8, 9} each pass the test that ( c − a )( c − b )/2 is a perfect square, but neither is a Pythagorean triple.