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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, [1] a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus and a member of the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This virus causes the disease hepatitis B .
The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase is a multifunctional enzyme, with both RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent polymerase functions, as well as an RNase H function. It acts on the HBV pre-genomic RNA (pgRNA) to reverse transcribe it to form a new rcDNA molecule within a new capsid.
Hepatitis B virus DNA remains in the body after infection, and in some people, including those that do not have detectable HBsAg, the disease recurs. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] Although rare, reactivation is seen most often following alcohol or drug use, [ 102 ] or in people with impaired immunity. [ 103 ]
Based on the presence of viral genomes in bird DNA it appears that the hepadnaviruses evolved > 7] Birds may be the original hosts of the Hepadnaviridae with mammals becoming infected after a bird (see host switch). Endogenous hepatitis B virus genomes have been described in crocodilian, snake and turtle genomes. [8]
HBeAg is a hepatitis B viral protein, produced by the HBcAg reading frame. It is an indicator of active viral replication ; this means the person infected with Hepatitis B can likely transmit the virus on to another person (i.e. the person is infectious).
Hepatitis D is caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), or hepatitis delta virus; it belongs to the genus Deltavirus. HDV is similar to a satellite virus as it can only propagate in the presence of the hepatitis B virus, depending on the helper function of HBV for its replication and expression. It has no independent life cycle, but can survive ...
HBx has large effects on the transcription levels of many genes. In a transgenic mouse model expressing the HBx gene of hepatitis B virus (but not other HBV genes), most mice developed hepatic tumors. [14] In these HBx transgenic mice there were 10,553 differentially DNA methylated regions (6,668 hypermethylated and 3,885 hypomethylated regions).
CccDNA is associated with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), where the virus constructs its plasmid through covalently linking its bonds. The histone-containing region of the nucleus within the virus is where cccDNA is commonly found, usually interacting with the histones similar to that of chromatin .