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In mathematics, a zero (also sometimes called a root) of a real-, complex-, or generally vector-valued function, is a member of the domain of such that () vanishes at ; that is, the function attains the value of 0 at , or equivalently, is a solution to the equation () =. [1]
Finding the roots (zeros) of a given polynomial has been a prominent mathematical problem.. Solving linear, quadratic, cubic and quartic equations in terms of radicals and elementary arithmetic operations on the coefficients can always be done, no matter whether the roots are rational or irrational, real or complex; there are formulas that yield the required solutions.
If a, b, and c are real numbers and the domain of f is the set of real numbers, then the roots of f are exactly the x-coordinates of the points where the graph touches the x-axis. If the discriminant is positive, the graph touches the x-axis at two points; if zero, the graph touches at one point; and if negative, the graph does not touch the x ...
If the three roots are real and distinct, the discriminant is a product of positive reals, that is > If only one root, say r 1, is real, then r 2 and r 3 are complex conjugates, which implies that r 2 – r 3 is a purely imaginary number, and thus that (r 2 – r 3) 2 is real and negative.
where the discriminant is zero if and only if the two roots are equal. If a, b, c are real numbers, the polynomial has two distinct real roots if the discriminant is positive, and two complex conjugate roots if it is negative. [6] The discriminant is the product of a 2 and the square of the difference of the roots.
In numerical analysis, a root-finding algorithm is an algorithm for finding zeros, also called "roots", of continuous functions. A zero of a function f is a number x such that f(x) = 0. As, generally, the zeros of a function cannot be computed exactly nor expressed in closed form, root-finding algorithms provide approximations to zeros.
If P < 0 and D < 0 then all four roots are real and distinct. If P > 0 or D > 0 then there are two pairs of non-real complex conjugate roots. [13] If ∆ = 0 then (and only then) the polynomial has a multiple root. Here are the different cases that can occur: If P < 0 and D < 0 and ∆ 0 ≠ 0, there are a real double root and two real simple ...
where the complex numbers,, …, are the – not necessarily distinct – zeros of the polynomial P, the complex number α is the leading coefficient of P and n is the degree of P. For any root z {\displaystyle z} of P ′ {\displaystyle P'} , if it is also a root of P {\displaystyle P} , then the theorem is trivially true.