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[95] [96] However, the word machismo does resemble words in Spanish and Portuguese language which is why it is often associated with Spain and Portugal. For example, the use of caballerosidad and cavalheirismo , to mean only the positive characteristics of machismo, is imbued with feudal and colonial connotations relating to colonial power ...
The Ciganos were the object of fierce discrimination and persecution. [6] The number of Ciganos in Portugal is about 40,000 to 50,000 spread all over the country. [7] The majority of the Ciganos concentrate themselves in urban centers, where from the late 1990s to the 2000s, major public housing (bairros sociais) policies were targeted at them in order to promote social integration.
The Portuguese state began with the founding of the County of Portugal in 868. Following the Battle of São Mamede (1128), Portugal gained international recognition as a kingdom through the Treaty of Zamora and the papal bull Manifestis Probatum. This Portuguese state paved the way for the Portuguese people to unite as a nation. [90] [91] [92]
The women's movement is considered to have started with the establishment of the Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas, which was founded in 1914 during the First Portuguese Republic. The electoral rule of the Portuguese Republic stated the right to vote for "Portuguese citizens over 21 years of age who could read and write and were heads ...
People pushing to get these removed have mentioned that these scholarships were created in the 1970s when women were under-represented in tertiary education, but it is now men who underperform and that the scholarships should become gender-neutral. [28] [29] In 2008 the Human Rights Commission of New Zealand considered abolishing women's ...
Women did not have rights in Francoist Spain. Women had civil obligations, where not being a responsible was a considered a crime. [4] Many of the laws imposed by the regime had roots in nineteenth century Spanish laws, and treated women as if their sex was a disability. [5]
Portugal currently has in force The Asylum Act 27/2008 which is legislation that is considered in line with international and European Union standards. [31] In conjunction with this Portugal is a state party to the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and to the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. [31]
Censorship was an essential element of Portuguese national culture throughout the country's history up until the Carnation Revolution in 1974. From its earliest history Portugal was subject to laws limiting freedom of expression.