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Estrogen is the predominant sex hormone that slows bone loss (even in men). Both estrogen and testosterone help stimulate bone formation (T, especially at puberty). Testosterone may cause an increase in cortical bone thickness in transgender men (however this does not necessarily translate to a greater mechanical stability).
Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), also called hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or transgender hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy in which sex hormones and other hormonal medications are administered to transgender or gender nonconforming individuals for the purpose of more closely aligning their secondary sexual characteristics with their gender identity.
Menopause is associated with a rapid decline of estrogen, as well as a steady rate of decline of androgens. [12] The decline of estrogen and androgen levels is believed to account for the lowered levels of sexual desire and motivation in postmenopausal women, although the direct relationship is not well understood.
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males. [3] In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testicles and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
HRT can help with menopausal symptoms but individuals need to weigh up the benefits and risks. ... Detailed new analysis suggests HRT does not affect life expectancy - but has benefits and risks ...
[139] [140] [141] The combination of a sufficient dosage of a progestogen with very small doses of an estrogen (e.g., as little as 0.5–1.5 mg/day oral estradiol) is synergistic in terms of antigonadotropic effect and is able to fully suppress gonadal testosterone production, reducing testosterone levels to the female/castrate range. [142] [143]
Changes in levels of certain hormones, such as prolactin or luteinizing hormone (LH) Mental health issues, such as depression, stress or anxiety Inflammation affecting the prostate gland or urethra
Observational studies of systemic HRT after breast cancer are generally reassuring. If HRT is necessary after breast cancer, estrogen-only therapy or estrogen therapy with a progestogen may be safer options than combined systemic therapy. [71] In women who are BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers, HRT does not appear to impact breast cancer risk. [72]