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  2. Observer-expectancy effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer-expectancy_effect

    The observer-expectancy effect [a] is a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment. Confirmation bias can lead to the experimenter interpreting results incorrectly because of the tendency to look for information that conforms to their hypothesis, and ...

  3. Observer effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect

    Observer-expectancy effect, a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment; Observer bias, a detection bias in research studies resulting for example from an observer's cognitive biases

  4. Design of experiments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_experiments

    One of the most important requirements of experimental research designs is the necessity of eliminating the effects of spurious, intervening, and antecedent variables. In the most basic model, cause (X) leads to effect (Y). But there could be a third variable (Z) that influences (Y), and X might not be the true cause at all.

  5. Priming (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priming_(psychology)

    The experimenter effect may have allowed the people running the experiments to subtly influence them to reach the desired result, and Publication bias tended to mean that shocking and positive results were seen as interesting and more likely to be published than studies that failed to show any effect of priming. The result is that the efficacy ...

  6. Subject-expectancy effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject-expectancy_effect

    In scientific research and psychotherapy, the subject-expectancy effect, is a form of reactivity that occurs when a research subject expects a given result and therefore unconsciously affects the outcome, or reports the expected result.

  7. Multiple baseline design - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Baseline_Design

    It is recommended that the experimenter selects time frames beforehand to avoid experimenter bias, [1] but even when methods are used to improve validity, inferences may be weakened. [2] Currently, there is debate as to whether nonconcurrent studies represent a real threat from history effects.