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Patina (/ p ə ˈ t iː n ə / pə-TEE-nə or / ˈ p æ t ɪ n ə / PAT-ih-nə) is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of copper, brass, bronze, and similar metals and metal alloys (tarnish produced by oxidation or other chemical processes), or certain stones [1] and wooden furniture (sheen produced by age, wear, and polishing), or ...
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals (such as phosphorus) or metalloids (such as arsenic or silicon).
Brown or black can be used as a base color for copper patina. If the amount of chlorides decreases the color will be more bluish-green, if carbonate decreases, more yellow-green. [27] Black for copper. Solution of sodium polysulfide 2.5%, items must be submerged in the solution after color developing, wash, dry and wax or varnish colored object ...
Cold black oxide is convenient for in-house blackening. This coating produces a similar color to the one the oxide conversion does, but tends to rub off easily and offers less abrasion resistance. The application of oil, wax, or lacquer brings the corrosion resistance up to par with the hot and mid-temperature.
Hot working or cold working after the annealing process alters the metal structure, so further heat treatments may be used to achieve the properties required. With knowledge of the composition and phase diagram , heat treatment can be used to adjust from harder and more brittle to softer and more ductile.
The "black" in "blacksmith" refers to the black firescale [citation needed], a layer of oxides that forms on the surface of the metal during heating.The origin of smith is the Old English word smið meaning "blacksmith", originating from the Proto-Germanic *smiþaz meaning "skilled worker".
Sand casting requires a lead time of days, or even weeks sometimes, for production at high output rates (1–20 pieces/hr-mold) and is unsurpassed for large-part production. Green (moist) sand, which is black in color, has almost no part weight limit, whereas dry sand has a practical part mass limit of 2,300–2,700 kg (5,100–6,000 lb).
Bronze is the most popular metal for cast metal sculptures; a cast bronze sculpture is often called simply "a bronze". It can be used for statues, singly or in groups, reliefs , and small statuettes and figurines , as well as bronze elements to be fitted to other objects such as furniture.