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The Rebuilding of Jerusalem. In the 20th year of Artaxerxes I (445 or 444 BC), [7] Nehemiah was cup-bearer to the king. [8] Learning that the remnant of Jews in Judah were in distress and that the walls of Jerusalem were broken down, he asked the king for permission to return and rebuild the city, [9] around 13 years after Ezra's arrival in Jerusalem in ca. 458 BC. [10]
In the 19th century and for much of the 20th, it was believed that Chronicles and Ezra–Nehemiah came from the same author or circle of authors (similar to the traditional view which held Ezra to be the author of all three), but the usual view among modern scholars is that the differences between Chronicles and Ezra–Nehemiah are greater than the similarities, and that Ezra–Nehemiah itself ...
The contents of Ezra–Nehemiah are structured in a theological rather than chronological order: "The Temple must come first, then the purifying of the community, then the building of the outer walls of the city, and so finally all could reach a grand climax in the reading of the law." [16]
"The sheep gate": was the starting place of the wall rebuilding account (Nehemiah 3:1). [11] "The goldsmiths and the merchants": represented communities that 'largely and closely interested in the transactions connected with Temple offerings', indicated by the mention of their working in proximity to repair the wall.
Nehemiah's activities dated to the third quarter of the fifth century BCE, while the precise period of Ezra's activity remains a subject of debate. Their efforts to rebuild the social and spiritual life of the Jewish returnees in their ancestral homeland are chronicled in the biblical books named after them.
On the other hand, the first decree to rebuild occurred before Darius I, by Cyrus Ezra 1:2, and during Artaxerxes I's reign work was begun on rebuilding the city of Jerusalem during which a chamber of the temple is in use Nehemiah 13:6–7. If the Darius in whose reign the Second Temple was built was Darius I, the date of its construction must ...
[22] [11] Some years later, Artaxerxes sent Nehemiah, a Jewish noble in his service, as governor in Jerusalem with the task of rebuilding the city walls. Once this task was completed, Nehemiah had Ezra read the Torah to the assembled Israelites and the people and priests entered into a covenant to keep the law and separate themselves from all ...
536 BC: Decree by Cyrus to rebuild the temple. [15] 519 BC: Decree by Darius I to finish the temple. [16] 457 BC: Decree by Artaxerxes I of Persia. [17] 444 BC: Decree by Artaxerxes to Nehemiah to finish the wall at Jerusalem. [18] The decree by Artaxerxes empowered Ezra to ordain laws and to set up magistrates and judges for the restored ...