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Cerebral hypoxia is typically grouped into four categories depending on the severity and location of the brain's oxygen deprivation: [20] Aneurysm in a cerebral artery, one cause of hypoxic anoxic injury (HAI). Diffuse cerebral hypoxia – A mild to moderate impairment of brain function due to low oxygen levels in the blood.
Hypoxia refers to deficiency of oxygen, Ischemia refers to restriction in blood flow to the brain. The result is “encephalopathy” which refers to damaged brain cells. Encephalopathy is a nonspecific response of the brain to injury which may occur via multiple methods, but is commonly caused by birth asphyxia, leading to cerebral hypoxia. [2 ...
Prolonged hypoxia induces neuronal cell death via apoptosis, resulting in a hypoxic brain injury. [34] [35] Oxygen deprivation can be hypoxic (reduced general oxygen availability) or ischemic (oxygen deprivation due to a disruption in blood flow) in origin. Brain injury as a result of oxygen deprivation is generally termed hypoxic injury.
Brain ischemia has been linked to a variety of diseases or abnormalities. Individuals with sickle cell anemia, compressed blood vessels, ventricular tachycardia, plaque buildup in the arteries, blood clots, extremely low blood pressure as a result of heart attack, and congenital heart defects have a higher predisposition to brain ischemia in comparison to the average population.
Newborn hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury differs from injury in the adult brain in several ways: NMDA receptor toxicity is much higher in the immature brain. [18] Apoptotic mechanisms including activation of caspases, translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor and cytochrome-c release are much greater in the immature than the adult.
This category is for people who people who have experienced cerebral hypoxia and/or ischemia due to anything other than a direct traumatic injury to the head and did not die of it, either as an immediate or near-immediate result.
These impairments result from either traumatic brain injury (e.g. physical trauma due to accidents, assaults, neurosurgery, head injury etc.) or nontraumatic injury derived from either an internal or external source (e.g. stroke, brain tumours, infection, poisoning, hypoxia, ischemia, encephalopathy or substance abuse). [1]
Whitelaw's research has focused on the prevention and treatment of hypoxic-ischaemic injury in full-term newborns. He has been a pioneer in developing and testing mild cooling as a therapeutic approach for neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. This intervention, known as therapeutic hypothermia, has been shown to improve the chances of ...