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A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection within the Earth's mantle, hypothesized to explain anomalous volcanism. [2] Because the plume head partially melts on reaching shallow depths, a plume is often invoked as the cause of volcanic hotspots, such as Hawaii or Iceland, and large igneous provinces such as the Deccan and Siberian Traps.
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Mantle plumes were first proposed by J. Tuzo Wilson in 1963 [4] [non-primary source needed] and further developed by W. Jason Morgan in 1971. A mantle plume is posited to exist where hot rock nucleates [clarification needed] at the core-mantle boundary and rises through the Earth's mantle becoming a diapir in the Earth's crust. [5]
This map shows postulated volcanic hotspots on Earth. The Eifel hotspot is marked 8. Schalkenmehrener Maar lake in the Eifel mountain range. The maar was formed by a volcanic eruption 10,500 years ago. [1] The Eifel hotspot is a volcanic hotspot in Western Germany.
Komatiites probably form in extremely hot mantle plumes [11] or in Archaean subduction zones. [12] Boninite magmatism is similar to komatiite magmatism but is produced by fluid-fluxed melting above a subduction zone. Boninites with 10–18% MgO tend to have higher large-ion lithophile elements (LILE: Ba, Rb, Sr) than komatiites.
Return to White Plume Mountain [1] is an adventure module for the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game released in 1999 by Wizards of the Coast under its then recently acquired "TSR" imprint. It is set in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting and is a sequel to Lawrence Schick 's 1979 module White Plume Mountain .
A central tenet of the plume theory is that the source of melt is significantly hotter than the surrounding mantle, so the most direct test is to measure the source temperature of magmas. This is difficult as the petrogenesis of magmas is extremely complex, rendering inferences from petrology or geochemistry to source temperatures unreliable. [7]
Plume (feather), a prominent bird feather; Plume (fluid dynamics), a column consisting of one fluid moving through another fluid; Eruption plume, a column of volcanic ash and gas emitted into the atmosphere during an eruption; Mantle plume, an upwelling of hot rock within the Earth's mantle that can cause volcanic hotspots