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Chlorine, sulfur and carbon (as coal) are cheapest by mass. Hydrogen , nitrogen , oxygen and chlorine are cheapest by volume at atmospheric pressure. When there is no public data on the element in its pure form, price of a compound is used, per mass of element contained.
Let us assume that standard direct material cost of widget is as follows: 2 kg of unobtainium at € 60 per kg ( = € 120 per unit). Let us assume further that during given period, 100 widgets were manufactured, using 212 kg of unobtainium which cost € 13,144. Under those assumptions direct material usage variance can be calculated as:
Energy consumption per unit weight of product is not far below that for iron and steel manufacture [13] and greater than for the production of glass [14] or cement. [15] Since electricity is an indispensable raw material for the production of chlorine, the energy consumption corresponding to the electrochemical reaction cannot be reduced ...
The CODATA recommended value is −e/m e = −1.758 820 008 38 (55) × 10 11 C⋅kg −1. [2] CODATA refers to this as the electron charge-to-mass quotient , but ratio is still commonly used. There are two other common ways of measuring the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron, apart from Thomson and Dunnington's methods.
The equivalent weight of an element is the mass which combines with or displaces 1.008 gram of hydrogen or 8.0 grams of oxygen or 35.5 grams of chlorine. The equivalent weight of an element is the mass of a mole of the element divided by the element's valence. That is, in grams, the atomic weight of the element divided by the usual valence. [2]
Chlorine is the second halogen, being a nonmetal in group 17 of the periodic table. Its properties are thus similar to fluorine, bromine, and iodine, and are largely intermediate between those of the first two. Chlorine has the electron configuration [Ne]3s 2 3p 5, with the seven electrons in the third and outermost shell acting as its valence ...
Chlorine (17 Cl) has 25 isotopes, ranging from 28 Cl to 52 Cl, and two isomers, 34m Cl and 38m Cl. There are two stable isotopes, 35 Cl (75.8%) and 37 Cl (24.2%), giving chlorine a standard atomic weight of 35.45. The longest-lived radioactive isotope is 36 Cl, which has a half-life of 301,000 years. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 ...
The process has a high energy consumption, for example around 2,500 kWh (9,000 MJ) of electricity per tonne of sodium hydroxide produced. Because the process yields equivalent amounts of chlorine and sodium hydroxide (two moles of sodium hydroxide per mole of chlorine), it is necessary to find a use for these products in the same proportion.