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Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) or oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD), also called by various other names, is a diagnostic endoscopic procedure that visualizes the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract down to the duodenum.
Endoscopic image of esophageal varices being ligated with rubber bands. The varix being ligated has a longitudinal red mark on it, termed the wale mark. A wale mark, red wale sign or wale sign is an endoscopic sign suggestive of recent hemorrhage, or propensity to bleed, seen in individuals with esophageal varices at the time of endoscopy.
Esophageal varices seven days after banding, showing ulceration at the site of banding. The upper two thirds of the esophagus are drained via the esophageal veins, which carry deoxygenated blood from the esophagus to the azygos vein, which in turn drains directly into the superior vena cava. These veins have no part in the development of ...
Esophageal inlet patches are diagnosed by upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD). Detection of esophageal inlet patches may be improved by the use of specialized imaging techniques such as narrow-band imaging (optical chromoendoscopy).
In gastrointestinal endoscopy, narrow-band imaging has found use in the identification of Barrett's esophagus, [3] in the identification of pit patterns to classify colorectal polyps and tumours, [4] and in the identification of atypical dysplastic cells in the colon of patients with ulcerative colitis. [5]
Therapeutic endoscopy is the medical term for an endoscopic procedure during which treatment is carried out via the endoscope. This contrasts with diagnostic endoscopy , where the aim of the procedure is purely to visualize a part of the gastrointestinal , respiratory or urinary tract in order to aid diagnosis .
A Sengstaken–Blakemore tube is a medical device inserted through the nose or mouth and used occasionally in the management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to esophageal varices (distended and fragile veins in the esophageal wall, usually a result of cirrhosis).
Endoscopy usually shows a ring within the lumen of the esophagus which can be of variable size (see picture). The ring is usually located a few centimetres above the gastro-esophageal junction, where the esophagus joins the stomach. Schatzki rings can often resemble a related entity called an esophageal web. Esophageal webs also contain extra ...