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Upon the inactivation of PTCH1 by Shh, glioma-associated (GLI) transcription factors enter the nucleus and activate the expression of multiple genes including Myc, Bcl-2, NANOG, and SOX2. Targets of GLIs include genes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis , angiogenesis , epithelial-mesenchymal transition , and self-renewal of stem cells .
Activator binds to an inducer and the complex binds to the activation sequence and activates target gene. [2] Removing the inducer stops transcription. [2] Because a small inducer molecule is required, the increased expression of the target gene is called induction. [2] The lactose operon is one example of an inducible system. [2]
Gene regulation works using operators and repressors in bacteria. Gene Regulation can be summarized by the response of the respective system: Inducible systems - An inducible system is off unless there is the presence of some molecule (called an inducer) that allows for gene expression. The molecule is said to "induce expression".
Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A, also known as growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein (GADD34), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R15A gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The Gadd34/MyD116 gene was originally discovered as a member in a set of gadd and MyD mammalian genes encoding acidic proteins that synergistically ...
WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP-1), [5] is a member of the CCN protein family and should correctly be referred to as CCN4 as suggested by the International CCN Society. [6] It is a matricellular protein that in humans is encoded by the WISP1 gene .
p21 is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI). The p21 (CIP1/WAF1) protein binds to and inhibits the activity of cyclin-CDK2, -CDK1, and -CDK4 /6 complexes, and thus functions as a regulator of cell cycle progression at G 1 and S phase.
The canonical Wnt pathway leads to regulation of gene transcription, and is thought to be negatively regulated in part by the SPATS1 gene. [4] The noncanonical planar cell polarity pathway regulates the cytoskeleton that is responsible for the shape of the cell. The noncanonical Wnt/calcium pathway regulates calcium inside the cell.
Genetic regulatory circuits are analogous in many ways to electronic circuits in how they use signal inputs and outputs to determine gene regulation. [4] [5] Like electronic circuits, their organization determines their efficiency, and this has been demonstrated in circuits working in series to have a greater sensitivity of gene regulation.