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Horizontal transmission is the transmission of organisms between biotic and/or abiotic members of an ecosystem that are not in a parent-progeny relationship. Because the evolutionary fate of the agent is not tied to reproductive success of the host, horizontal transmission tends to evolve virulence .
Many generations of random mutation and selection are needed to evolve symbiosis. During this time, the vast majority of vertical transmission cases exhibit the initial virulence. [citation needed] In dual inheritance theory, vertical transmission refers to the passing of cultural traits from parents to children. [23]
An infectious disease agent can be transmitted in two ways: as horizontal disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group) [3] by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact through air – cough or sneeze (vectors or fomites that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical ...
Vertical transmission of symbionts is the transfer of a microbial symbiont from the parent directly to the offspring. [1] Many metazoan species carry symbiotic bacteria which play a mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic role. [1] A symbiont is acquired by a host via horizontal, vertical, or mixed transmission. [2]
Tree of life showing vertical and horizontal gene transfers. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) [1] [2] [3] is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction). [4] HGT is an important factor in the evolution of many organisms.
It describes the evolutionary implications of vertical transmission, passing cultural traits from parents to offspring; oblique transmission, passing cultural traits from any member of an older generation to a younger generation; and horizontal transmission, passing traits between members of the same population.
U.S. Democratic lawmakers Friday sent letters to two federal agencies asking them to explain why they froze federal funds on clean energy and investments that lower energy costs for American ...
Transovarial and transstadial transmission of the Ixodes tick. Transovarial or transovarian transmission (transmission from parent to offspring via the ovaries) occurs in certain arthropod vectors as they transmit pathogens from parent to offspring. [1] This process, used by a wide variety of parasites, is also known as vertical transmission. [2]