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The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) are the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for the occurrence of the mental states to which they are related. [2] Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena; that is, neural changes which necessarily and regularly correlate ...
Three of the most studied attributes of the N170 include manipulations of face inversion, facial race, and emotional expressions. It has been established that inverted faces (i.e., those presented upside-down) are more difficult to perceive [13] (the Thatcher effect is a good illustration of this).
The ERN is a sharp negative going signal which begins about the same time an incorrect motor response begins, (response locked event-related potential), and typically peaks from 80 to 150 milliseconds (ms) after the erroneous response begins (or 40–80 ms after the onset of electromyographic activity).
The ERP is plotted with negative voltages upward, a common, but not universal, practice in ERP research. An event-related potential (ERP) is the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event. [1] More formally, it is any stereotyped electrophysiological response to a stimulus.
For instance, when a somatic marker associated with a positive outcome is perceived, the person may feel happy and thereby motivated to pursue that behavior. When a somatic marker associated with the negative outcome is perceived, the person may feel sad, which acts as an internal alarm to warn the individual to avoid that course of action.
From a mechanistic perspective, emotions can be defined as "a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity". [4] Emotions are complex, involving multiple different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes , expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and ...
Let denote the spatio-temporal stimulus vector preceding the 'th time bin, and the spike count in that bin. The stimuli can be assumed to have zero mean (i.e., [] =).If not, it can be transformed to have zero-mean by subtracting the mean stimulus from each vector.
[4] [5] The Neural efficiency hypothesis was first introduced by Haier et al. in 1988 through a Position Emission Tomography (PET) study aimed at investigating the relationship between intelligence and brain activation. [6] PET is a type of nuclear medicine procedure that measures the metabolic activity of the cells of body tissues. [7]