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For example, if the polynomial used to define the finite field GF(2 8) is p = x 8 + x 4 + x 3 + x + 1, and a = x 6 + x 4 + x + 1 is the element whose inverse is desired, then performing the algorithm results in the computation described in the following table.
The number 1 (expressed as a fraction 1/1) is placed at the root of the tree, and the location of any other number a/b can be found by computing gcd(a,b) using the original form of the Euclidean algorithm, in which each step replaces the larger of the two given numbers by its difference with the smaller number (not its remainder), stopping when ...
If a instead is one, the variable base (containing the value b 2 i mod m of the original base) is simply multiplied in. In this example, the base b is raised to the exponent e = 13. The exponent is 1101 in binary. There are four binary digits, so the loop executes four times, with values a 0 = 1, a 1 = 0, a 2 = 1, and a 3 = 1.
Variables of BigNumber type can be used, or regular numbers can be converted to big numbers using conversion operator # (e.g., #2.3^2000.1). SmartXML big numbers can have up to 100,000,000 decimal digits and up to 100,000,000 whole digits.
However raising x to the power of 0.5 using the y x key works if the number is entered as a real number with a complex part equal to zero. [11] Inverse and hyperbolic trigonometry functions cannot be used with complex numbers. Base-e logarithms and exponentiation can be used, but not base-10.
But if exact values for large factorials are desired, then special software is required, as in the pseudocode that follows, which implements the classic algorithm to calculate 1, 1×2, 1×2×3, 1×2×3×4, etc. the successive factorial numbers.
every element x of GF(2) satisfies x + x = 0 and therefore −x = x; this means that the characteristic of GF(2) is 2; every element x of GF(2) satisfies x 2 = x (i.e. is idempotent with respect to multiplication); this is an instance of Fermat's little theorem. GF(2) is the only field with this property (Proof: if x 2 = x, then either x = 0 or ...
Now, take each value of x, and solve the first part of the equation, (5x + 8). After finding the value of (5x + 8) for each character, take the remainder when dividing the result of (5x + 8) by 26. The following table shows the first four steps of the encrypting process.