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A 19th-century hand-cranked laboratory centrifuge. English military engineer Benjamin Robins (1707–1751) invented a whirling arm apparatus to determine drag.In 1864, Antonin Prandtl proposed the idea of a dairy centrifuge to separate cream from milk. [2]
Gernot Zippe (November 1917 – 7 May 2008) was an Austrian mechanical engineer and a nuclear physicist of German origin who is widely credited with leading the team which developed the Zippe-type centrifuge– a centrifuge machine for the enrichment and collection of uranium-235, during his time in the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons.: 47 [1]
The P1 centrifuge uses an aluminum rotor, and the P2 centrifuge uses a maraging steel rotor, [3] which is stronger, spins faster, and enriches more uranium per machine than the P1. In Pakistan, the Zippe-type centrifuge had a local designation and was known as Centrifuge Khan (after Abdul Qadeer Khan ). : 151 [ 10 ]
This is an 8-m diameter, four-arm centrifuge covered by a dome, which is available for research. A total of six gondolas, each being able to carry an 80 kg payload, can spin at a maximum of 20 times Earth's gravity, equaling 67 revolutions per minute.
Density gradients for purifying cells are also run in these centrifuges. Swinging-bucket rotors tend to be used very widely because of the huge flexibility of sample size through the use of adaptors. [9] These machines have maximum rotor speeds of less than 10 000 rpm and vary from small, bench-top to large, floor-standing centrifuges. [11]
The spinning creates lift, and the toy flies when released. [23] The philosopher Ge Hong 's book, the Baopuzi (Master Who Embraces Simplicity), written around 317, describes the apocryphal use of a possible rotor in aircraft: "Some have made flying cars [feiche 飛車] with wood from the inner part of the jujube tree , using ox-leather (straps ...