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3 He was originally used for this type of image, but recently there has been a shift towards to 129 Xe due to its availability and cheaper price. [20] Hyperpolarized 3 He has historically produced superior images because it is easier to hyperpolarize, but current technology has improved gas polarization of 129 Xe to the point where the image ...
The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999. [2] It had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. [2] The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the United Kingdom and Denmark (even though Denmark has a fixed exchange rate policy with the euro).
The 1 euro coin (€1) is a euro coin with a value of one euro. It is made of two alloys: the inner part of cupronickel, the outer part of nickel brass. All coins have a common reverse side and country-specific national sides. The coin has been used since 2002, with the present common side design dating from 2007.
German euro coins have three separate designs for the three series of coins. The 1-cent, 2-cent and 5-cent coins were designed by Rolf Lederbogen [ de ] , the design for the 10-cent, 20-cent and 50-cent coins were designed by Reinhard Heinsdorff [ de ] and the 1- and 2-euro coins were done by Heinz Hoyer [ de ] and Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer .
This is a list of commemorative coins issued by the Federal Republic of Germany. For regular coins , see Deutsche Mark and German euro coins . Those prior to 2002 were denominated in Deutsche Marks; subsequent ones have been denominated in euros .
Euro proof sets are proof sets of the coins of the Euro. Proof coins were originally coins minted to test the dies used in the coin minting process and to archive sets of coins minted every year. Modern proof sets are minted in higher numbers and are sold to the public and numismatists for collecting.
The Monnaie de Paris in Pessac is the exclusive producer of French euro coins. [16] It also mints Monégasque euro coins [17] and alternates with the Spanish Royal Mint for the production of Andorran euro coins. [18] It has also minted Greek euro coins, [12] Luxembourg euro coins, [13] and Maltese euro coins. [19] [20]
Xenon isotope geochemistry uses the abundance of xenon (Xe) isotopes and total xenon to investigate how Xe has been generated, transported, fractionated, and distributed in planetary systems. Xe has nine stable or very long-lived isotopes. Radiogenic 129 Xe and fissiogenic 131,132,134,136 Xe isotopes are of special interest in geochemical ...