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Young ice is a transition stage between nilas and first-year ice and ranges in thickness from 10 cm (3.9 in) to 30 cm (12 in), Young ice can be further subdivided into grey ice – 10 cm (3.9 in) to 15 cm (5.9 in) in thickness and grey-white ice – 15 cm (5.9 in) to 30 cm (12 in) in thickness. Young ice is not as flexible as nilas, but tends ...
They feature a higher velocity in the centre of the stream, and are bounded by slow-moving ice on either side. [10] Periods of greater ice stream flow result in more ice transfer from ice sheets to the ocean, raising sea level. [10] At the margin between glacial ice and water, ice calving takes place as glaciers begin to fracture, and icebergs ...
An iceberg in the Arctic Ocean Tabular iceberg Iceberg from overhead showing above and submerged ice. An iceberg is a piece of fresh water ice more than 15 meters (16 yards) long [1] that has broken off a glacier or an ice shelf and is floating freely in open water. [2] [3] Smaller chunks of floating glacially derived ice are called "growlers ...
After sea ice melts, more energy is absorbed by the ocean, so it warms up. This ice-albedo feedback is a self-reinforcing feedback of climate change. [73] Large-scale measurements of sea ice have only been possible since satellites came into use. [74] Sea ice in the Arctic has declined in recent decades in area and volume due to climate change.
Ice–albedo feedback is a climate change feedback, where a change in the area of ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice alters the albedo and surface temperature of a planet. Because ice is very reflective, it reflects far more solar energy back to space than open water or any other land cover . [ 1 ]
Temperature of the ice. A polar glacier shows cold ice with temperatures well below the freezing point from its surface to its base. It is frozen to its bed. A temperate glacier is at a melting point temperature throughout the year, from its surface to its base. This allows the glacier to slide on a thin layer of meltwater.
Apart from the landforms left behind by glaciers, glaciers themselves are striking features of the terrain, particularly in the polar regions of Earth. Notable examples include valley glaciers where glacial flow is restricted by the valley walls, crevasses in the upper section of glacial ice, and icefalls—the ice equivalent of waterfalls.
Deglaciation is the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages, to warm interglacials, characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume. [1] Thus, it refers to the retreat of a glacier , an ice sheet or frozen surface layer, and the resulting exposure of the Earth 's surface.