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"Bulk flow" is the movement/flow of an entire body due to a pressure gradient (for example, water coming out of a tap). "Diffusion" is the gradual movement/dispersion of concentration within a body with no net movement of matter. An example of a process where both bulk motion and diffusion occur is human breathing. [2]
The self-diffusion coefficient of neat water is: 2.299·10 −9 m 2 ·s −1 at 25 °C and 1.261·10 −9 m 2 ·s −1 at 4 °C. [2] Chemical diffusion occurs in a presence of concentration (or chemical potential) gradient and it results in net transport of mass. This is the process described by the diffusion equation.
The escape of any atmospheric gas can be diffusion-limited, but only diffusion-limited escape of hydrogen has been observed in our solar system, on Earth, Mars, Venus and Titan. [1] Diffusion-limited hydrogen escape was likely important for the rise of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere ( the Great Oxidation Event ) and can be used to estimate the ...
On this timescale, any discrete body of matter "behaves like a liquid" and becomes a smooth sphere due to diffusion and gravity. [145] 1.16×10 67 (11.6 unvigintillion) The estimated time until a black hole of one solar mass today, will have decayed by the emission of Hawking radiation. [148] 1.54×10 91 –1.41×10 92 (15.4–141 ...
Diffusion process is stochastic in nature and hence is used to model many real-life stochastic systems. Brownian motion , reflected Brownian motion and Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes are examples of diffusion processes.
It will be a closely held secret until then. The clock is meant as a metaphor for how close humanity is to self-annihilation, according to the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, which has ...
World leaders are meeting in Paris this month in what amounts to a last-ditch effort to avert the worst ravages of climate change. Climatologists now say that the best case scenario — assuming immediate and dramatic emissions curbs — is that planetary surface temperatures will increase by at least 2 degrees Celsius in the coming decades.
If ε≫1, surface erosion occurs. If ε≪1, bulk erosion occurs. [4] From the model above, it is clear that certain changing certain parameters can determine what kind of erosion a polymer goes through by either increasing or decreasing the rate of the degradation process or the diffusion process.