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Language transfer (also known as L1 interference, linguistic interference, and crosslinguistic influence) is most commonly discussed in the context of English language learning and teaching, but it can occur in any situation when someone does not have a native-level command of a language, as when translating into a second language.
The Fundamental Difference Hypothesis (FDH), proposed by Bley-Vroman (1989), suggests that there is a fundamental distinction between L1 and L2 acquisition. According to this hypothesis, L1 acquisition is guided by UG and the innate language acquisition device, while L2 acquisition relies heavily on general cognitive mechanisms, such as problem ...
Crosslinguistic influence (CLI) refers to the different ways in which one language can affect another within an individual speaker. It typically involves two languages that can affect one another in a bilingual speaker. [1] An example of CLI is the influence of Korean on a Korean native speaker who is learning Japanese or French.
This study is said to have initiated research in the field of SLA to investigate whether the patterns of L1 and L2 acquisition are also similar. Dulay and Burt [2] produced a highly cited and classic study in this area. They investigated the acquisition order of eight grammatical morphemes (progressive -ing, plural -s, irregular past tense ...
Language attrition is the process of decreasing proficiency in or losing a language. For first or native language attrition, this process is generally caused by both isolation from speakers of the first language ("L1") and the acquisition and use of a second language ("L2"), which interferes with the correct production and comprehension of the first.
[13] [14] According to a historical review in "The Journal of Genetic Psychology," various researchers held these beliefs, noting a "problem of bilingualism" or the "handicapping influence of bilingualism." [15] Following studies reported that bilinguals performed worse in IQ tests and suffered in most aspects of language development. [1]
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The theory has often been extended to a critical period for second-language acquisition (SLA). David Singleton states that in learning a second language, "younger = better in the long run", but points out that there are many exceptions, noting that five percent of adult bilinguals master a second language even though they begin learning it when they are well into adulthood—long after any ...