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In 2022 the World Health Organization (WHO) published a list of fungal pathogens which should be a priority for public health action. [4] Markedly more fungi are known to be pathogenic to plant life than those of the animal kingdom. [5] The study of fungi and other organisms pathogenic to plants is called plant pathology.
A diagram showing the infecting structures and effector delivery strategies of a model hemibiotrophic pathogen, Phytophthora infestans. Fungal effectors are proteins or non-proteinaceous molecules (such as RNAs or small molecules) secreted by pathogenic fungi into a host organism in order to modulate the host's immune response. [1] [2] [3]
Albugo is a genus of plant-parasitic oomycetes.Those are not true fungi (), although many discussions of this organism still treat it as a fungus.The taxonomy of this genus is incomplete, but several species are plant pathogens.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense is a fungal plant pathogen that causes Panama disease of banana (Musa spp.), also known as fusarium wilt of banana. Panama disease affects a wide range of banana cultivars, which are propagated asexually from offshoots and therefore have very little genetic diversity.
Similar haustoria are found in biotrophic plant, animal and fungal pathogens in several other major fungal lineages. Like most other zygomycete fungi, the Zoopagomycotina have cell walls containing chitin and have coenocytic (nonseptate) hyphae. Their vegetative body consists of a simple, branched or unbranched thallus.
The pathogen M. phaseolina affects the fibrovascular system of the roots and basal internodes of its host, impeding the transport of water and nutrients to the upper parts of the plant. [7] As a result, progressive wilting, premature dying, loss of vigor, and reduced yield are characteristic symptoms of M. phaseolina infection. [8]
Cercospora beticola is a fungal plant pathogen which typically infects plants of the genus Beta, within the family of Chenopodiaceae. It is the cause of Cercospora leaf spot disease in sugar beets, spinach and swiss chard. Of these hosts, Cercospora leaf spot is the most economically impactful in sugar beets (Beta vulgaris).
The pathogen has a very large host range, affecting over 500 plant species (including tomato, onion, snapbean and pea) in the United States of America. [10] The fungus attacks the host crown and stem tissues at the soil line by producing a number of compounds such as oxalic acid, in addition to enzymes that are pectinolytic and cellulolytic.