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Two enzymes, namely indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the immune system and the brain, and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) in the liver, are responsible for the synthesis of kynurenine from tryptophan. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism is altered in several diseases, including psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, [11 ...
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is an enzyme (EC 1.14.16.4) involved in the synthesis of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin. Tyrosine hydroxylase , phenylalanine hydroxylase , and tryptophan hydroxylase together constitute the family of biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases .
The kynurenine pathway is a metabolic pathway leading to the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +). [1] Metabolites involved in the kynurenine pathway include tryptophan , kynurenine , kynurenic acid , xanthurenic acid , quinolinic acid , and 3-hydroxykynurenine .
TPH1 was first discovered to support serotonin synthesis in 1988 by converting tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptophan. [6] It was thought that there only was a single TPH gene until 2003. A second form was found in the mouse (Tph2), rat and human brain and the original TPH was then renamed to TPH1. [7]
IDO1 is an enzyme that plays a role in the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan (TRY) to kynurenine (KYN). KYN is known to play a role in brain aging and neurodegenerative disease.
A phylogenetic tree showing how a number of monoamine receptors are related to each other. Monoamine neurotransmitter systems occur in virtually all vertebrates, where the evolvability of these systems has served to promote the adaptability of vertebrate species to different environments.
Trace amines have a modulatory effect on neurotransmission in monoamine pathways (i.e., dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin pathways) throughout the brain via signaling through trace amine-associated receptor 1. [45] [46] A brief comparison of these systems follows:
The kynurenine pathway is responsible for over 95% of tryptophan oxidative degradation. [11] L -Kynurenine is an important branch point of this metabolic pathway, being converted into the neurotoxin 3-hydroxy- L -kynurenine via kynurenine 3-monooxygenase, the neuroprotectant kynurenic acid through kynurenine amino transferases, or anthranilic ...