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It was originally observed by educational psychologist Benjamin Bloom and reported in 1984 in the journal Educational Researcher. [1] [2] [3] Bloom's paper analyzed the dissertation results of University of Chicago PhD students Joanne Anania and Joseph Arthur Burke. As quoted by Bloom: "the average tutored student was above 98% of the students ...
Authors of individual papers may face conflicts with their duty to report truthfully and impartially. Financial, career, political, and social interests are all sources of conflict. [37] Authors' institutional interests become sources of conflict when the research might harm the institution's finances or offend the author's superiors. [4]
Approach-avoidance conflicts occur when there is one goal or event that has both positive and negative effects or characteristics that make the goal appealing and unappealing simultaneously. [3] [4] [5] For example, marriage is a momentous decision that has both positive and negative aspects. The positive aspects, or approach portion, of ...
In the complex system approach to peace and armed conflict, the social systems of armed conflict are viewed as complex [1] dynamical systems. [2] The study of positive and negative feedback processes, attractors and system dimensionality, phase transitions and emergence is seen as providing improved understanding of the conflicts and of the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of interventions ...
There are different approaches to educational research. One is a basic approach, [1] also referred to as an academic research approach. [2] Another approach is applied research [1] or a contract research approach. [2] These approaches have different purposes which influence the nature of the respective research.
Conflict theories are perspectives in political philosophy and sociology which argue that individuals and groups (social classes) within society interact on the basis of conflict rather than agreement, while also emphasizing social psychology, historical materialism, power dynamics, and their roles in creating power structures, social movements, and social arrangements within a society.
Some experts proposed blind review procedures for reviewing controversial research topics. [56] In double-blind peer review, which has been fashioned by sociology journals in the 1950s [57] and remains more common in the social sciences and humanities than in the natural sciences, [citation needed] the identity of the authors is concealed from ...
To demonstrate this phenomenon, Mikolic, Parker, and Pruitt (1997) [78] simulated a conflict situation by creating a "birthday card factory" with study participants who were paid a small amount for each card they manufactured using paper, colored markers, and ribbons. The work went well until researchers' confederate who posed as another ...