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Kaliningrad, [a] known as Königsberg [b] until 1946, is the largest city and administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave between Lithuania and Poland, 663 kilometres (412 mi) west of the bulk of Russia on the Pregolya River, at the head of the Vistula Lagoon, and the only ice-free Russian port on the Baltic Sea.
Russians in the Baltic states is a broadly defined subgroup of the Russian diaspora who self-identify as ethnic Russians, or are citizens of Russia, and live in one of the three independent countries — Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania — primarily the consequences of the USSR's forced population transfers during occupation.
The Northern Crusades [1] or Baltic Crusades [2] were Christianization campaigns undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. The most notable campaigns were the Livonian and Prussian crusades.
Saint Petersburg, [c] formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, [d] is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city had a population of 5,601,911 residents as of 2021, [4] with more than 6.4 million people living in the metropolitan area.
The Baltic sea urban areas seen from space. Spit of Vasilyevsky Island, in Saint Petersburg, Russia House of the Blackheads (Riga), Latvia Klaipėda, Lithuania Darłowo Riddarholmen in Stockholm, Sweden Ystad, Sweden Szczecin, Poland The medieval Turku Castle, Turku, Finland Lighthouse in Kołobrzeg, Poland Neptune fountain in Gdańsk, Poland Eldena Abbey, Greifswald, Germany Ruin of St. Peter ...
They ultimately gave their name to Russia and Belarus, and they are relevant to the national histories of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Because of this importance, there is a set of alternative so-called " anti-Normanist " views that are largely confined to a minor group of Eastern European scholars.
The city hosts the Russian end of the 1,222 km (759 mi) Nord Stream 1 gas pipeline, laid in 2011 and operated by a consortium led by Russia's Gazprom state hydrocarbons enterprise to pump 55 billion cubic meters (1.9 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas a year under the Baltic Sea to Lubmin, Germany. [20]
The Russian Tsardom was officially called Velikoye Knyazhestvo Moskovskoye (Великое Княжество Московское), the Grand Duchy of Moscow, until 1547, although Ivan III (1440–1505, r. 1462–1505) had earlier borne the title "Great Tsar of All Russia". [30]