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In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair. All molecules and ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are Lewis bases. Nucleophilic describes the affinity of a nucleophile to bond with positively charged ...
The first isolation of a nucleophilic aluminium center was achieved in 2018 by Aldridge, Goicoechea and coworkers when they were able to synthesize the first aluminyl anion, [5] following the discoveries of gallium [6] [7] [8] and indium [9] analogues, heavier group 13 analogues which are more stable than aluminium in the lower +1 oxidation ...
When it comes to nucleophilic substitution reactions, electron-withdrawing groups are more prone to nucleophilic substitution. For example, chlorodinitrobenzene is far more susceptible to reactions displacing chloride compared to chlorobenzene. [4]
In chemistry, a nucleophilic substitution (S N) is a class of chemical reactions in which an electron-rich chemical species (known as a nucleophile) replaces a functional group within another electron-deficient molecule (known as the electrophile). The molecule that contains the electrophile and the leaving functional group is called the substrate.
4 9 F 2 5 10 Ne 2 6 [Ne] 3s: 3p: 11 Na 1 - 12 Mg 2 - 13 Al 2 1 14 Si 2 2 15 P 2 3 16 S 2 4 17 Cl 2 5 18 Ar 2 6 [Ar] 4s: 3d: 4p: 19 K 1-- 20 Ca 2-- 21 Sc 2 1 - 22 Ti 2 2 - 23 V 2 3 - 24 Cr 1 5 - 25 Mn 2 5 - 26 Fe 2 6 - 27 Co 2 7 - 28 Ni 2 8 - 29 Cu 1 10 - 30 Zn 2 10 - 31 Ga 2 10 1 32 Ge 2 10 2 33 As 2 10 3 34 Se 2 10 4 35 Br 2 10 5 36 Kr 2 10 6 ...
However there are numerous exceptions; for example the lightest exception is chromium, which would be predicted to have the configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 4 4s 2, written as [Ar] 3d 4 4s 2, but whose actual configuration given in the table below is [Ar] 3d 5 4s 1. Note that these electron configurations are given for neutral atoms in ...
5 H 4− 5, hydrogen atoms omitted. Example: [11] B 5 H 4− 5. Electron count: 5 × B + 5 × H + 4 (for the negative charge) = 5 × 3 + 5 × 1 + 4 = 24 Since n = 5, 4n + 4 = 24, so the cluster is nido. Starting from an octahedron, one of the vertices is removed. The rules are useful in also predicting the structure of carboranes. Example: C 2 ...
Note that these electron configurations are given for neutral atoms in the gas phase, which are not the same as the electron configurations for the same atoms in chemical environments. In many cases, multiple configurations are within a small range of energies and the small irregularities that arise in the d- and f-blocks are quite irrelevant ...