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Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and are implicated in many neurological processes, including motivational and incentive salience, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor control, as well as modulation of neuroendocrine signaling.
Amphetamine, an NDRA and one of the most well-known DRAs. 4-Methylaminorex (4-MAR), the cis- isomer being one of the most dopamine-selective NDRAs known.. A dopamine releasing agent (DRA) is a type of drug which induces the release of dopamine in the body and/or brain.
The anticipation of most types of rewards increases the level of dopamine in the brain, [4] and many addictive drugs increase dopamine release or block its reuptake into neurons following release. [5] Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones.
Drugs of abuse increase the VTA's ability to project dopamine to the rest of the reward circuit. [6] These structural changes only last 7–10 days, [ 7 ] however, indicating that the VTA cannot be the only part of the brain that is affected by drug use, and changed during the development of addiction.
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic agonists; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as MAOIs, COMT inhibitors, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
[3] [1] [2] They are also used to increase motivation [6] [7] and to enhance performance. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] A closely related type of drug is a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), for instance bupropion , methylphenidate , and nomifensine .
Dopaminergic activity enhancers such as the prescription drug selegiline (deprenyl) and the research chemicals BPAP and PPAP enhance the action potential-mediated release of dopamine. [17] This is in contrast to dopamine releasing agents like amphetamine, which induce the uncontrolled release of dopamine regardless of electrical stimulation. [17]
There are many types of drugs, legal and illegal, that affect dopamine and its interactions in the brain. With Parkinson's disease, a disease that decreases the amount of dopamine in the brain, the dopamine precursor Levodopa is given to the patient due to the fact that dopamine cannot cross the blood–brain barrier and L-dopa can. Some ...