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1932 Antielectron (or positron), the first antiparticle, discovered by Carl D. Anderson [13] (proposed by Paul Dirac in 1927 and by Ettore Majorana in 1928) : 1937 Muon (or mu lepton) discovered by Seth Neddermeyer, Carl D. Anderson, J.C. Street, and E.C. Stevenson, using cloud chamber measurements of cosmic rays [14] (it was mistaken for the pion until 1947 [15])
The positron was the first evidence of antimatter and was discovered when Anderson allowed cosmic rays to pass through a cloud chamber and a lead plate. A magnet surrounded this apparatus, causing particles to bend in different directions based on their electric charge.
Since then, the particle has been shown to behave, interact, and decay in many of the ways predicted for Higgs particles by the Standard Model, as well as having even parity and zero spin, two fundamental attributes of a Higgs boson. This also means it is the first elementary scalar particle discovered in nature.
2000 scientists at Fermilab announce the first direct evidence for the tau neutrino, the third kind of neutrino in particle physics. [30] 2000 CERN announced quark-gluon plasma, a new phase of matter. [34] 2001 the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (Canada) confirm the existence of neutrino oscillations.
The chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology.. Research published in 2015 estimates the earliest stages of the universe's existence as taking place 13.8 billion years ago, with an uncertainty of around 21 million years at the 68% confidence level.
1974 – Charmed quark discovered; 1975 – Tau lepton found; 1975 – Abraham Pais and Sam Treiman: Introduction of the Standard Model of particle physics term; 1977 – Bottom quark found; 1977 – Anderson localization recognised (Nobel prize in 1977, Philip W. Anderson, Mott, Van Fleck) 1980 – Strangeness as a signature of quark-gluon ...
While the “Epoch of Reionization” sounds like the title of a sci-fi novel destined for a Hugo award, this very real era of the universe featured the first light from the very first stars.
Within the first fraction of a second of the universe's existence, the four fundamental forces had separated. As the universe continued to cool from its inconceivably hot state, various types of subatomic particles were able to form in short periods of time known as the quark epoch, the hadron epoch, and the lepton epoch. Together, these epochs ...